Cardiovascular diseases in women: a differentiated view and risk stratification.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in men and women worldwide, surpassing mortality from all associated neoplasms. In women, its prevalence and mortality increase at menopause, but complications of reproductive age, such as preeclampsia and eclampsia, lead to increased cardiovascular risk throughout their lives. Coronary ischemic disease is is the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide, with atherosclerotic disease being the principal pathophysiological mechanism. However, in women, other mechanisms are associated with myocardial ischemia, such as microcirculation disease and/or vasospasm, due to the anatomical and hormonal characteristics of women in different stages of their lives. Knowledge of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases in women, as well as the specific risk factors, the traditional ones with the greatest impact, and the under-recognized ones, is of fundamental importance in their risk stratification, diagnosis, and management, fundamentally aiming at reducing mortality.

Cardiovascular diseases in women: a differentiated view and risk stratification

SUMMARY Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in men and women worldwide, surpassing mortality from all associated neoplasms. In women, its prevalence and mortality increase at menopause, but complications of reproductive age, such as preeclampsia and eclampsia, lead to increased cardiovascular risk throughout their lives. Coronary ischemic disease is is the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide, with atherosclerotic disease being the principal pathophysiological mechanism. However, in women, other mechanisms are associated with myocardial ischemia, such as microcirculation disease and/or vasospasm, due to the anatomical and hormonal characteristics of women in different stages of their lives. Knowledge of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases in women, as well as the specific risk factors, the traditional ones with the greatest impact, and the under-recognized ones, is of fundamental importance in their risk stratification, diagnosis, and management, fundamentally aiming at reducing mortality.

The REBECGA brazilian registry of pregnancy and heart disease: rationale and design

BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality rates in Brazil remain above the goals established by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Heart disease is estimated to affect 4% of all pregnancies and remains by itself the main indirect obstetric cause of maternal death. In the last decades, a significant improvement in the prognosis of heart diseases has made pregnancy possible in women with heart disease and provided better maternal and fetal outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To establish a multicenter Brazilian Registry of pregnant women with heart disease; to study the causes of immediate and late maternal mortality; and to assess the prevalence of heart disease in the country's macro-regions. METHODS: This is an observational study, with retrospective and prospective stages, of the clinical and obstetric progression of pregnant women with heart disease. These women consecutively received care during pregnancy and will be followed up for up to a year after delivery at public and private hospitals with infrastructure for the execution of this project, a principal investigator, and approval by Ethics and Research Committees. RESULTS: Our results will be presented after data collection and statistical analysis, aiming to demonstrate immediate and late maternal mortality rates, as well as the prevalence of heart disease in the country and its cardiovascular and obstetric complications during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: REBECGA will be the Brazilian Registry of heart disease and pregnancy and it will contribute to planning preventive measures, raising financial resources for the improvement of high-risk prenatal care, and reducing immediate and late maternal mortality due to heart disease.

Fatores preditivos de hipertensão gestacional em adolescentes primíparas: análise do pré-natal, da MAPA e da microalbuminúria / Predictive factors for pregnancy hypertension in primiparous adolescents: analysis of prenatal care, ABPM and microalbuminuria / Predictive factors for pregnancy hypertension in primiparous adolescents: analysis of prenatal care, ABPM and microalbuminuria

OBJETIVO: Quantificar a prevalência de HG em adolescentes primíparas; definir fatores de preditividade para a ocorrência de HG e sua repercussão nos recém-nascidos. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhadas 29 adolescentes primíparas durante o pré-natal até a 12ª semana de puerpério, com idade média de dezesseis anos, do ambulatório do Serviço de Adolescentes da Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) da Universidade Federal do Ceará (Fortaleza). As gestantes foram dividas em dois grupos; ou seja, nas que permaneceram normotensas (Grupo I) e naquelas que desenvolveram hipertensão gestacional -HG - (Grupo II). As variáveis investigadas na avaliação de valor de preditividade no desenvolvimento de HG foram valores antropométricos, aspectos socioeconômicos, o hábito de fumar, a hereditariedade para HAS (pai/mãe), os exames do pré-natal solicitados na primeira consulta do pré-natal e a microalbuminúria e a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) na 28ª semana de gestação. As gestantes foram acompanhadas no parto e no puerpério tardio (12ª semana de puerpério). Os recém-nascidos das mães do nosso estudo foram avaliados ao nascer pelos índices de APGAR e de Capurro, peso, estatura e pela presença de hipóxia perinatal. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de HG foi de 51,7 por cento . A hereditariedade para HAS apresentou-se com o maior valor de preditividade para HG com odds ratio de 10,99. A pressão arterial diastólica maior ou igual a 70 mmHg, na idade média gestacional de 35 semanas, apresentou significância estatística como valor de preditividade para HG. Na MAPA encontramos valor de preditividade para HG: carga pressórica diastólica em vigília, carga pressórica sistólica e diastólica no sono noturno, variabilidade pressórica e pressão máxima diastólica no sono. Especificamente a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) máxima na MAPA no período do sono noturno ³64 mmHg apresentou odds ratio de 6 para HG com sensibilidade de 80 por cento e especificidade de 60 por cento para o desenvolvimento de HG...

OBJECTIVE: To quantify PH prevalence in primiparous adolescents; define predictive factors for the occurrence of PH and its impact on newborns. METHODS: We followed 29 primiparous adolescents from the prenatal period through the 12th week of the puerperium, with a mean of sixteen years of age, served at the Outpatient Facility for Adolescents of Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) of Universidade Federal do Ceará (Fortaleza, Brazil). The pregnant adolescents were divided into two groups, that is, those who remained normotensive (Group I) and those who developed PH (Group II). The variables investigated in the assessment of the value of predictability for the development of PH were anthropometric measures, socioeconomic aspects, smoking habit, inheritance for SAH (father/mother), prenatal tests requested in the first prenatal care visit in addition to microalbuminuria and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the 28th week of gestation. The pregnant adolescents were followed up at delivery and late puerperium (12th week after the puerperium). The newborns to the mothers included in our study were assessed at birth according to the Apgar score and the Capurro method, for weight, height and perinatal hypoxia. RESULTS: The prevalence of PH was 51.7 percent. Inheritance for SAH presented the highest predictive value for PH with an odds ratio of 10.99. Diastolic arterial pressure equal to or above 70 mmHg at the gestational age of 35 weeks was statistically significant as a predictive value for PH. At ABPM we found a predictive value for PH: diastolic pressure load during alertness, diastolic and systolic pressure load during night sleep, pressure variability and maximum diastolic pressure during sleep. Specifically a maximum diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) at ABPM during the period of night sleep ³64 mmHg presented an odds ratio of 6 for PH with a sensitivity of 80 percent and a specificity of 60 percent for the development of PH...